P

Pakistan

in Afghan resistance coalition, 86

bin Laden and, 124

biological weapons, 217

hawaladars in, 137

Kashmir, 103

as market for oil, 92

nuclear proliferation, 237

Taliban and, 92, 97, 101, 102, 262

U.S.-led coalition and, 141, 258–259, 313–314

in war on terrorism, 101–103

Westernization of, 303–304

Palestinian Authority, 126, 167, 260

Palestinian refugees, 26

Palestinian terrorists, 6

Pam Am flight 103 (Lockerbie, Scotland), 209

Pangi, Robyn, 203

panic-button autopilots, 174–175

Pashtuns, 95

Pax Americana, 15–30, 200, 305

Pearl Harbor, 159, 257, 288

Pennsylvania crash, (United Airlines flight 93, 2001), 2, 153, 177

Pentagon, 2001 attack on, 2

Peres, Shimon, 311

pilots, training of, 176–180

plague, 212

platform modernization, 245

politics, return of, 308–312

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 6

Port Everglades (Fla.), 186

ports of entry, 186–188

poverty (as cause of terrorism), 264–265

Powell, Colin, 15, 23, 243

Presidential Decision Directive 62, 201

prevention (as a strategy), 227–228

privacy, protecting, 153–154

public health system, 221–224

public life, 292, 293

Putin, Vladimir, 104, 259, 314

Putnam, Robert, 292

Q

al-Qaddafi, Muammar, 261

Al Qaeda

appeal, 32, 117

"associates" of, 141

decision to target U.S., 47

Egyptian Islamic Jihad, merger with, 35, 41

embassy bombings (1998), 1, 9, 93, 129, 135

finances of, 12, 101, 130–143

Hamas compared to, 44, 46–47

Israel and, 44

organization, 12–13, 14

penetrability, 149, 298

Salafiyya origins, 34–35, 37–38

size, scope, 8

Taliban and, 12, 131, 262

umma and, 37

U.S.S. Cole attack (2000), 2, 9–10, 94, 115

See also bin Laden, Osama

Qutb, Sayyid, 38–39, 66, 77

R

Rabin, Yitzhak, 72, 126

Raburn, Vern, 172, 175

Rajneesh, Bagwan Shree, 219

realpolitik, 313–314

Red Tape (Kaufman), 155

"red team" inspectors, 164, 170

regime changes (overthrowing governments), 94–95, 249, 252, 260–263, 266

religious diversity, 284–287

revolution in military affairs (RMA), xi–xii, 243–246, 253

Rida, Rashid, 69

Ridge, Tom, xiii, 157, 204, 208

right of return (to Israel), 266

Riyadh, bombing of Military Cooperation Program building in (1995), 1, 114

rogue states, 251–253

Ronald Reagan National Airport (D.C. area), 170

Russia

biological weapons, 217

Cold War-type enemy, unsuited as, 299

intelligence from, 231

Israel and, 299

Northern Alliance, support for, 97

Taliban and, 104

Trilateral Agreement, 228

U.S., relations with, xiii, 104–106, 258–259

S

al-Sadat, Anwar

apostasy and, 41, 42

assassination of, 16, 28, 35, 72

Saladin (1137 or 1138-93), 10, 46

al-Salaf al-Salih ("venerable forefathers"), Salafiyya, Salafis, 34–51, 65

sarin, 227

Saudi Arabia, 109–122

in Afghan resistance coalition, 86

Afghanistan, recognition of, 92, 117

aid to, 264–265

American influence in, 19, 21, 121

Americans in, 24, 36–37

bin Laden and, 35–36, 42, 92, 93, 109, 112, 114, 117, 121, 124

blind eye to radicalism, 298

hijackers from, 109

Islamists in, 18–19, 77, 111–114

in Muhammad's time, 55–56

Taliban and, 97, 98, 116, 117, 119, 262

umma in, 42

U.S.-led coalition and, 11, 141

U.S. relations with, 18–19, 21, 32, 298

Sayaf, Abdul Rasul, 90

"security tax," 191, 272, 279, 281

September 11, 2001, attacks

bin Laden connection, 1–2, 13

causes, ix–x, 284, 296

challenges presented by, xi

cultural, social repercussions, 283–293, 308

September 11, 2001, attacks (Continued)

economic repercussions, xii, 192–194, 269–282

hijackers, x, xi, 2–4, 7–10, 36, 70, 109, 132, 146–147, 160, 179, 202, 262, 264

immediate response to, ix, 185, 269, 270

inspiration for terrorists, xiv, 14, 184

Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 118, 123–124

"Pearl Harbor of terrorism," 159

Pennsylvania crash (United Airlines flight 93), 2, 153, 177

Pentagon attack, 2

reporting about, 1

social, cultural effects, 312

success factors, 146–147

U.S. foreign policy, effects on, xiii, 255–268

World Trade Center attack, 2

Shaath, Nabil, 26

Shah, Mohammed Zahir, 85

shari'a (Islamic law), 35, 62–63, 64, 65, 302

al-Sharif, Khalid, 38

Shi'a Muslims, 98

Shiism, 65

shurah (consultation), 68

sicarii, 79

Sikh terrorism, 166

Sikhs, 166, 285

Simon, Roger, 169

Singapore, 303

Singh, Manmohan, 308

sky marshals, 173–174

sleeper agents, 12

smallpox, 203, 212, 215, 218, 226

Somalia, 21, 93, 250

South Africa, 237

Soviet Union, 85–89, 226, 297, 299

Special Operations Command, 242, 244, 245

Sri Lanka, 75, 79

Stefani, Alexis, 170

Stinger antiaircraft missiles, 87–88

stock manipulations, 131

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START, 1991), 228

Sudan

American missile strikes on pharmaceutical plant, 115, 298

bin Laden in, 92, 93, 113–114, 115

biological weapons, 217

Islamists in, 113–114

ports of call in, 21

Sufism, 62, 65

Suharto, Hadji Mohamad (Pres., Indonesia), 310–311

suicide attacks, 7–8, 9, 77–79, 209

Summers, Lawrence, 308

support for military operations (SMO), 157

surprise attacks, 158–160

sustainability, 209

Syria, 19, 43, 217, 260–261